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The papal capital during Benedict XII's papacy was Avignon, a city in southeastern France. This period, known as the Avignon Papacy, lasted from 1309 to 1377, when the popes resided in Avignon instead of Rome. Benedict XII, who reigned from 1334 to 1342, played a significant role in strengthening the papal administration and infrastructure in Avignon, leaving a lasting mark on the city's history and papal authority during that time.