What language did Abd al-Malik establish for bureaucracy?
Arabic
Greek
Persian
Latin
Answer
Arabic became the official language of the bureaucracy under Abd al-Malik. This move was part of his efforts to centralize and strengthen the Umayyad caliphate. Prior to this, Greek had been the primary language of administration in the conquered territories, but Abd al-Malik's decision aimed to promote Arabic as the unifying language of the empire and to assert the dominance of Arab culture.
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