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The Second Fitna, a significant upheaval in the early Islamic world, commenced with the death of Yazid, the Umayyad caliph. This event sparked a succession crisis, as various factions within the empire contested the legitimacy of Yazid's successor. The conflict intensified with the rise of Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr, an influential figure who challenged the authority of the Umayyads and established a rival caliphate in Mecca.