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Khazaria, a powerful kingdom located in the northern Caucasus and southern Russia, was still extant during Ibn Fadlan's time. Ibn Fadlan, a 10th-century Arab traveler and diplomat, visited Khazaria in 922 AD and recorded his observations in his travelogue. His account provides valuable insights into the kingdom's culture, religion, and political structure, shedding light on a civilization that had largely disappeared by the 13th century.