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Al-Biruni was an Iranian polymath who lived during the 11th century. He was born in Khwarezm, which is now part of Uzbekistan, and he spent most of his life in the Islamic world. Al-Biruni was a prolific writer, and he wrote over 150 works on a wide variety of topics, including mathematics, astronomy, geography, and history. He is considered one of the greatest scientists of the Middle Ages.