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Discovered in the Mogao Caves by British explorer Sir Aurel Stein in the early 1900s, the Dunhuang manuscripts date back to the 10th century. They are a treasure trove of ancient Buddhist scriptures, artistic masterpieces, and cultural artifacts, preserved in the harsh desert climate of Gansu province in northwestern China. These manuscripts provide invaluable insights into the history, art, and religious practices of China during the Tang and Song dynasties.