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Golden age, marked by flourishing literature, poetry, music, dance, painting, calligraphy, pottery, textiles, and other art forms, characterized the early reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang dynasty. The capital Chang'an (modern Xi'an) became a flourishing metropolis, bustling with a diverse cosmopolitan population and thriving markets that drew merchant caravans from across Eurasia, leading to an unprecedented level of opulence and cosmopolitanism.