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Leonardo Bonacci, known as Fibonacci, was an Italian mathematician who lived in the 13th century. He is famous for his work on the Fibonacci sequence, a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. The sequence begins with 0 and 1, and continues as 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and so on. The Fibonacci sequence has many applications in mathematics, science, and art.