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Nirenberg, Holley, and Khorana shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 for their work on the genetic code and protein synthesis. Nirenberg and Holley deciphered the genetic code, which specifies how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in proteins. Khorana then used this information to synthesize artificial genes, demonstrating the universality of the genetic code.