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Stalinism, a philosophy that emphasized strict adherence to Marxist-Leninist principles and centralized control, was critiqued by Henri Lefebvre. Lefebvre argued that Stalinism's focus on industrialization and economic growth neglected the importance of social and spatial factors in human development. He believed that Stalinism's rigid ideology stifled creativity and innovation, leading to a society that was both oppressive and inefficient.