Who was the Umayyad caliph that Husayn ibn Ali refused to pledge allegiance to?
Yazid I
Muawiya I
Abd al-Malik
Marwan I
Answer
Husayn ibn Ali refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph. This refusal led to Husayn leaving Medina for Mecca and eventually resulted in the Battle of Karbala, where he was martyred.
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