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Sayed Idries el-Hashimi, known by the pen name Idries Shah, was a British-Afghan writer and teacher. He was born in Simla, India, in 1924, to a family of Sufi mystics. His father, Syed Waliullah Shah, was a prominent Sufi master, and Idries Shah received a traditional Sufi education from a young age. He later studied at the University of London and became a British citizen in 1950.