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Leszek Kołakowski was a Polish philosopher, historian of ideas, and public intellectual who died on 17 July 2009 at the age of 82. He is best known for his work on the history of Marxism, especially his multi-volume study, "Main Currents of Marxism" (1978), which has been translated into more than 20 languages. Kołakowski was also a prominent critic of totalitarianism and a defender of human rights.