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Before 1971, Oliveira had directed only two feature films. This limited output reflects the challenges he faced as an independent filmmaker in Portugal during the Estado Novo dictatorship, which suppressed artistic expression. Despite these obstacles, Oliveira's early films, "Acto da Primavera" (1963) and "O Passado e o Presente" (1971), established his unique style and set the stage for his prolific career in the decades that followed.