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Max Ferdinand Perutz was an Austrian-born British biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962 for his work on the structure of haemoglobin. Perutz's research was instrumental in the development of X-ray crystallography, which he used to determine the structure of haemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen in the blood. His work has helped to understand the molecular basis of diseases such as sickle-cell anemia.