Answer
Khodorkovsky started several businesses during the period of Glasnost and Perestroika. Glasnost and Perestroika were policies of reform introduced by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s. The policies were designed to increase political openness and economic liberalization in the Soviet Union. Khodorkovsky took advantage of the reforms to start several businesses, including a bank, an oil company, and a construction company.