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**Khartoum:** Muhammad Ahmad, also known as the Mahdi, established his base of operations in the city of Khartoum during his military and religious campaign in Sudan. From Khartoum, he led his forces against the Turko-Egyptian rule, seeking to establish an independent Islamic state. The city served as the Mahdi's political, military, and religious headquarters, and it played a crucial role in the Mahdist movement's resistance against foreign control.