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Descartes, a prominent philosopher, mathematician, and scientist of the 17th century, was renowned for his influence on modern philosophy. He was known for his skepticism, rationalism, and his influential statement "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). Descartes engaged in intellectual discussions and debates with various scholars, including his notable rival Pierre Gassendi, contributing to the exploration of ideas and advancements in philosophical thought.