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Which European countries attacked Portuguese colonies during the Iberian Union?
Dutch Republic, England, France
Spain, Italy, Germany
Denmark, Sweden, Norway
Poland, Austria, Hungary
Answer
During the Iberian Union (1580-1640), when Spain and Portugal shared a monarch, Portuguese colonies were attacked by three rival European powers hostile to Spain: the Dutch Republic, England, and France. This led to a decline in the Portuguese Empire as it struggled to defend its vast network of trading posts.
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