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Rita Levi-Montalcini, an Italian neurologist, was a trailblazer in the field of neuroscience. Her groundbreaking research on nerve growth factor (NGF) earned her the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986, making her the first Italian woman to receive the prestigious award. Levi-Montalcini's remarkable contributions to understanding the development and growth of the nervous system have had a profound impact on the field of medicine.