Answer
Moral restraint, vice, and misery are the three checks Malthus proposed to control population growth. Moral restraint refers to individuals' conscious efforts to limit their family size, such as late marriage or abstinence. Vice encompasses behaviors like prostitution and promiscuity, leading to higher mortality rates. Finally, misery refers to poverty, famine, and disease, which Malthus argued inevitably limit population growth by increasing death rates.