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Structural biology, the field in which Venki Ramakrishnan is renowned, involves determining the three-dimensional structures of biological molecules, primarily proteins and nucleic acids. This knowledge is crucial for understanding their functions, interactions, and roles in biological processes. Ramakrishnan's groundbreaking work focused on deciphering the structure of the ribosome, the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis, providing invaluable insights into its intricate architecture and mechanisms.