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Baruj Benacerraf was a Venezuelan immunologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1980 for his work on the genetic control of the immune system. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1920, and studied medicine at the University of Caracas. He then moved to the United States to continue his studies, and received a Ph.D. in immunology from the Rockefeller University in 1956.