Answer
"On Polygonal Numbers", the sole surviving work of Diophantus, a remarkable ancient Greek mathematician, delves into the captivating realm of polygonal numbers. In this mathematical treatise, Diophantus systematically explores and classifies numbers based on their geometric shapes, such as triangles, squares, and pentagons. He unravels patterns and formulas to determine the polygonal numbers for any given position and demonstrates their relationships with other types of numbers.