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Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was born on January 22, 1729. He was a German writer, philosopher, and critic, and is considered one of the most important figures of the Enlightenment. Lessing's work covered a wide range of topics, including literature, religion, and philosophy. He is best known for his plays, including "Nathan the Wise" and "Emilia Galotti," which explored themes of religious tolerance and social justice.