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Jamal al-Din al-Afghani was born in Asadabad, Afghanistan, in 1838 or 1839. He was a philosopher, theologian, and political activist who is considered one of the founders of modern Islamic thought. He was a proponent of pan-Islamism, the idea that Muslims should unite under a single Islamic state. He also advocated for reform of Islamic thought and institutions, and for the modernization of Islamic societies.