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"The Poverty of Philosophy" was Karl Marx's scathing response to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's "The Philosophy of Poverty." Marx criticized Proudhon's naive understanding of capitalism, his utopian socialism, and his advocacy of mutualism. He argued that Proudhon's ideas were impractical, abstract, and failed to address the exploitation inherent in capitalism. Marx's critique exposed the flaws in Proudhon's theories and solidified his position as a leading thinker of the socialist movement.