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The year 1999 marked a significant turning point in Turkmenistan's political history when Saparmurat Niyazov, the country's authoritarian leader, was bestowed with the title of "President for life" by the Assembly of Turkmenistan. This monumental decision effectively cemented Niyazov's grip on power, transforming Turkmenistan into a de facto one-party state and further entrenching his cult of personality.