Who was Abd al-Malik's principal rival?
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
al-Ashdaq
Mu'awiya I
al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
Answer
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr was Abd al-Malik's primary rival. After the death of Caliph Mu'awiya I in 680, ibn al-Zubayr declared himself caliph in Mecca, challenging the Umayyad dynasty's authority. He gained widespread support in the Hejaz and parts of Iraq, leading to a prolonged civil war with Abd al-Malik.
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